Background: The sexual assault on women and female children is one of the most heinous crimes against mankind. Sexual violence is ubiquitous; it occurs in every culture, in all levels of society and in every country of the world. Sexual violence has a significant negative impact on the health of the population. The root causes of sexual and gender-based violence lie in a society’s attitudes towards and practices of gender discrimination, which place women in a subordinate position in relation to men.Methods: The prospective study was conducted in Mumbai region from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2012 in which 152 cases of alleged rape victims which was booked under the section 376 of Indian Penal Code which was brought for medical examination. Strict confidentiality about their names was maintained.Results: The most common age group comprised ages between 16-20 years in which total 63 (41.44%) cases were observed. Most of the victims i.e.99 (65.13%) were unmarried. Most of the incidences took place at accused house, i.e.69 (45.39%). In 142 (93.42%) cases the assailant was known to the victim. In 113 (74.34%) cases the time interval between the alleged incidence and examination was more than seven days. In 139 (91.44%) cases the hymen showed old tears at multiple positions. None of the report out of 66 reports from forensic science laboratory was found to be positive for spermatozoa.Conclusion: Rape cases show a constantly rising pattern with a low conviction rate. There is no age safe from rape, maximum cases being in the age group 16-20 years as there are multiple physical, social and mental factors playing a role. Unmarried young women are at increased risk. Significant number of cases report late to the police/doctor. The delay results into loss of valuable biological trace material evidences.

Background: Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Despite its low toxicity profile, there are rare studies on its fatal poisoning. In this report, we described clinical and postmortem findings of a fatal imidacloprid poisoning. Methods: A 33-year-old female presented to the emergency department with a history of deliberate consumption of unknown insecticide. On admission, she was drowsy and hypotensive with tachycardia and miotic pupils. Despite supportive therapy, she continued to be unconscious, with severe metabolic acidosis and developed a cardio-respiratory arrest and expired. Results: A forensic autopsy was performed. The result of the toxicological analysis showed that imidacloprid concentrations were 267. 8 μ g/mL in femoral blood, 144. 5 μ g/mL in stomach content, and 292. 3 μ g/mL in bile. Conclusion: Although imidacloprid is generally less toxic to humans high concentrations in biological samples could be considered lethal. Therefore, the educational programs about its toxicity should be considered for health care providers

Background & Aim: Hearing evaluations for medicolegal purposes are requested by organizations such as forensic medicine, military medical councils, insurance companies and employers for determining hearing disability. Pseudohypacusis in medicolegal population increases in order to gain compensation or advantages, such as length of treatment and exemption from combats or military service. There is no available study on prevalence of pseudohypacusis in medicolegal compensation claims in Iran. The aim of this study was determining frequency of pseudohypacusis in individuals referred by Tehran medicolegal center to audiology clinic of Loghman-e-Hakim hospital in Tehran in 2005-2006 (from 5-April-2005 to 20-March-2006). Materials & Methods: All individuals referred by Tehran medicolegal center during the year 2005-2006 (from 5-April-2005 to 20-March-2006) evaluated for possibility of pseudohypacusis or exaggeration in hearing threshold levels. We used subjective and objective conventional audiological procedures for detecting pseudohypacusis. Findings: During the year 2005, 463 people including 282 males (60.9%) and 181 females (39.1%) referred to the audiology clinic of Loghman-e-Hakim hospital. Definite pseudohypacusis detected in 21.16% of the clients. There was no significant difference between the proportions of males (20.9%) and females (21.5%) showing pseudohypacusis. Conclusion: Frequency of pseudohypacusis in medicolegal patients referred to Loghman-e-Hakim hospital is considerably high that require development of tertiary auditory electrophysiology section for assessment of pseudohypacusis- suspected individuals. 

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Ocular traumas are major causes of morbidity. Work and car accident, assault and war are the most common causes of eye trauma. Patients referred from medicolegal centers to Farabi hospital to determine the type of trauma, causes and the percent of morbidity. The objective of this study was to assess the causes, type and intensity of ocular trauma in patients referred from medicolegal centers to Farabi hospital, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.METHODS: The present study was preformed on all cases of ocular trauma referred from medicolegal centers to Farabi hospital from August to September 2007. Initial data including sex, age, visual acuity, time and place of accident, antomic structure and the cause of trauma were evaluated.FINDINGS: From 295 patients, 255 were male (86%) and 40 were female (14%). The range of their age was between 18 to 70 years old. The most common place of injuries in male was out of house (80%) and it was a significant difference with female (p=0.000). More common site of injuries was eye lid in 124 (45%), conjunctiva in 111 (40%) and cornea, anterior chamber, lens, vitreous and retina in 60 (15%). The causes of trauma included assault in 193 cases (65.4%). Also sustained trauma in right eye was more than left eye (152 cases (51.5%) vs. 118 (48.5%)).CONCLUSION: Assault is one of the most common causes of eye trauma in patients especially in young ones referred from medicolegal center to hospital. Prevention of eye related trauma should be considered. Therefore, it is necessary to instruct students, parents and teachers in order to decrease eye trauma.

In this paper, a new high step-up current-fed LLC resonant DC-DC converter with a center-tapped transformer is proposed. By selecting the switching frequency to be lower than, but near to, the series resonant frequency of the LLC resonant tank, soft-switching operation of all semiconductors, i.e., zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn-on of power MOSFETs and zero current switching (ZCS) turn-off of diodes is achieved. This leads to lower electromagnetic interference (EMI) and lower switching losses and improves the converter efficiency. An interleaved structure is used at the primary side. Thus, input current ripple is smaller, and its frequency is twice the switching frequency. Consequently, a smaller input filter is necessary in practice. The converter with 1.2 kW output power and 760 V regulated output voltage with 80-200 V input voltage variations is simulated. The output voltage is regulated by using asymmetric pulse width modulation (APWM) at 200 kHz switching frequency. Finally, a 700-W prototype has been implemented and experimental results are also presented to verify the simulation results.

Aims: Secondary bleeding after tonsillectomy is unavoidable. If it leads to a life-threatening event, it will likely be associated with a malpractice claim against the surgeon. Very few reports have addressed this event from a medicolegal point of view. Therefore, the present report aimed to investigate litigations following secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage leading to death or life-threatening events in three patients. Patients & Methods: Here, we report three cases of life-threatening secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage referred to the Legal Medicine Organization by the prosecuting attorney to give an expert opinion about any medical negligence. Findings: Two cases resulted in death and underwent medicolegal autopsy. The third one caused a cardiopulmonary arrest followed by neurological deficits after successful resuscitation. All three were children between 8 and 9 years old, and the time from surgery to post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage was between 30 hours to 13 days. No vascular anomaly or iatrogenic vascular injuries were found at autopsy. A review of the literature revealed that post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage is common and unpreventable Conclusion: In none of the cases medical malpractice was found as a contributing factor, and the complication was regarded as unpreventable.